Gaze and saccade based graphical manipulation

ABSTRACT

According to the invention, a system for presenting graphics on a display device is disclosed. The system may include an eye tracking device configured to determine a gaze point of a user on a display device. The system may also include a processing device configured to combine a quality map generated based on the gaze point of the user and another quality map generated based on factors independent of the gaze point of the user to generate a combined quality map. The processing device is further configured to cause a rendered image to be displayed on the display device and the quality of each area of the rendered image displayed on the display device is determined based, at least in part, upon the combined quality map.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/132,656, filed Sep. 17, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/476,650, filed Mar. 31, 2017, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/270,783, filed Sep. 20, 2016, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/197,171, filed Mar. 4, 2014, which claims priority to Provisional U.S. Patent Application No. 61/772,366, filed Mar. 4, 2013, the entire disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference, for all purposes, as if fully set forth herein.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Graphical items may be used on a display to show data and information to a viewer. These graphical items may include text, images, and video. Graphical items in the area of computing are well known and have been in use for many years. Recently, showing three dimensional (3D) graphical items on a display has increased in importance in areas such as gaming, modeling and movies.

When displaying graphical items, a system such as a computer uses a processor in combination with memory to display the items on a screen or other display device. Methods for displaying graphical items vary, but typically they rely on a computer interpreting commands to control a graphics processing device that provides graphical items for display. The graphics processing device typically contains custom hardware for this purpose including a processor and memory. In some computer systems the graphics processing device is fully integrated, and in others it is provided as a separate component known as a graphics card.

Graphics processing devices have limits on their processing power, usually quantified in terms of the amount of graphical items that can be displayed on a screen at any given time. This is typically limited by the capabilities of the hardware embodying the graphics processing device, including processors, memory, and communication channels. Additionally, the amount of graphical items able to be displayed on a screen at a given point can be limited by communication limits between the graphics processing device and computer.

In many scenarios that require graphical items be displayed on a screen, a user only focuses on a portion of the screen, and therefore only a portion of the graphical items, an any given time. Meanwhile, other graphical items continue to be displayed on the remaining portions of the screen, which the user is not focused on. This wastes valuable graphics processing device resources to produce graphical items that cannot be fully appreciated by the user because the visual acuity of a human drops dramatically outside those images immediately focused on.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

In some embodiments, a system for presenting graphics on a display device is provided. The system may include an eye tracking device configured to determine a gaze point of a user on a display device. The system may also include a processing device configured to combine a quality map generated based on the gaze point of the user and another quality map generated based on factors independent of the gaze point of the user to generate a combined quality map. The processing device is further configured to cause a rendered image to be displayed on the display device and the quality of each area of the rendered image displayed on the display device is determined based, at least in part, upon the combined quality map.

In another embodiment, a method for presenting graphics on a display device is provided. The method may include combining, by a processing device, a first quality map generated based on a gaze point of the user on a display device and a second quality map generated based on one or more factors independent of the gaze point of the user to generate a combined quality map. The method may also include causing, by the processing device, a rendered image to be displayed on the display device. The quality of the rendered image displayed on the display device is determined based on the combined quality map.

In another embodiment, a non-transitory machine readable medium having instructions thereon for presenting graphics on a display device is provided. The instructions may be executable by one or more processors to perform a method. The method may include combining a first quality map generated based on the gaze point of the user on a display device and a second quality map generated based on one or more factors independent of the gaze point of the user to generate a combined quality map. The method may also include causing a rendered image to be displayed on the display device. The quality of the rendered image displayed on the display device is determined based on the combined quality map.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is described in conjunction with the appended figures:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of one possible system of the invention for modifying an image based on a user's gaze point;

FIG. 2 is a view of a display device of the invention in which image modification is occurring in response to a user's gaze point;

FIG. 3A is a diagram of how image quality may continuously vary within a modified image area;

FIG. 3B is a diagram of how image quality may vary in steps within a modified image area;

FIG. 4 is a view of a display device of the invention in which image modification is occurring in response to a detected change in a user's gaze point;

FIG. 5 is flow diagram of one possible method of the invention for modifying an image based on a user's gaze point;

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of an exemplary computer system capable of being used in at least some portion of the devices or systems of the present invention, or implementing at least some portion of the methods of the present invention;

FIGS. 7A and 7B are diagrams showing a change in the location of an area on a display device according to the change in a user's gaze point;

FIG. 8 is a diagram demonstrating an eccentricity angle;

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of another possible method of the invention for modifying an image based on a user's gaze point and other secondary factors;

FIG. 10 is a display screen showing one embodiment of the invention where different regions may be rendered in varying quality based at least on a user's gaze point; and

FIG. 11 is a display screen showing another embodiment of the invention where different size and/or shaped regions may be rendered in varying quality based at least on a user's gaze point.

FIG. 12 is a diagram showing one embodiment of the invention where multiple quality maps may be generated and combined to determine the quality of the rendered graphics.

FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating one embodiment of generating a frequency map based on previously rendered graphics.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram of one possible system that can be utilized to generate and combine multiple quality maps for determining the quality of the rendered graphics.

FIG. 15 is a flow diagram of an example method for generating and combining multiple quality maps based on a user's gaze point and other factors to determine the quality of the rendered graphics.

In the appended figures, similar components and/or features may have the same numerical reference label. Further, various components of the same type may be distinguished by following the reference label by a letter that distinguishes among the similar components and/or features. If only the first numerical reference label is used in the specification, the description is applicable to any one of the similar components and/or features having the same first numerical reference label irrespective of the letter suffix.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The ensuing description provides exemplary embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability or configuration of the disclosure. Rather, the ensuing description of the exemplary embodiments will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing one or more exemplary embodiments. It being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

Specific details are given in the following description to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. For example, circuits, systems, networks, processes, and other elements in the invention may be shown as components in block diagram form in order not to obscure the embodiments in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-known circuits, processes, algorithms, structures, and techniques may be shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the embodiments.

Also, it is noted that individual embodiments may be described as a process which is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may describe the operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be re-arranged. A process may be terminated when its operations are completed, but could have additional steps not discussed or included in a figure. Furthermore, not all operations in any particularly described process may occur in all embodiments. A process may correspond to a method, a function, a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process corresponds to a function, its termination corresponds to a return of the function to the calling function or the main function. Any detail present in one discussed embodiment may or may not be present in other versions of that embodiment or other embodiments discussed herein.

The term “machine-readable medium” includes, but is not limited to portable or fixed storage devices, optical storage devices, wireless channels and various other mediums capable of storing, containing or carrying instruction(s) and/or data. A code segment or machine-executable instructions may represent a procedure, a function, a subprogram, a program, a routine, a subroutine, a module, a software package, a class, or any combination of instructions, data structures, or program statements. A code segment may be coupled to another code segment or a hardware circuit by passing and/or receiving information, data, arguments, parameters, or memory contents. Information, arguments, parameters, data, etc. may be passed, forwarded, or transmitted via any suitable means including memory sharing, message passing, token passing, network transmission, etc.

Furthermore, embodiments of the invention may be implemented, at least in part, either manually or automatically. Manual or automatic implementations may be executed, or at least assisted, through the use of machines, hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or any combination thereof. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware or microcode, the program code or code segments to perform the necessary tasks may be stored in a machine readable medium. A processor(s) may perform the necessary tasks.

In some embodiments of the invention, and with reference to FIG. 1, a system 100 for presenting graphics on a display device 110 is provided. System 100 may include an eye tracking device 120 and a graphics processing device 130. In some embodiments, the system may also include a processor/computer 140 which communicates with, and controls, graphics processing device 130. In some embodiments, any function of graphics processing device 130 may be performed, in whole or in part, by processor/computer 140. Merely by way of example, eye tracking device 120 may be provided integral to, or in addition to, a personal computer 140 having graphics processing device 130 and a central processing unit (in some configurations, graphics processing device 130 and the central processing unit are integrated). In other embodiments, eye tracking device 120 may be provided integral to, or in addition to, a gaming console 140 or other device having graphics processing device 130 and a central processing unit. Examples of gaming consoles include those produced and available from Microsoft™, Nintendo™, or Sony™. In other embodiments, the eye tracking device 120 may be provided integral to, or in addition to, a wearable headset such as a Virtual Reality (VR) or Augmented Reality (AR) or the like. Examples of wearable headsets include those produced and available under the names Oculus Rift™, HTC Vive™, Sony PlaystationVR™ and Fove™. Thus, embodiments of the invention may be applied to the presentation of graphics in any number of possible devices and applications, including video display, video games, video production and editing, video communications, computer aided drafting and design, etc.

Eye tracking device 120 may be for determining at least one of a gaze point of a user on display device 110, or a change in the gaze point of the user on display device 110. Eye tracking devices and methods, sometimes referred to as gaze detection systems and methods, include, for example, products produced and available from Tobii Technology AB, and which operate by using infrared illumination and an image sensor to detect reflection from the eye of a user. An example of such a gaze detection system is described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,572,008, which is hereby incorporated by reference, for all purposes, as if fully set forth herein. Other alternative gaze detection systems may also be employed by the invention, regardless of the technology behind the gaze detection system. Eye tracking device 120 may employ its own processor or the processor of another device (i.e., processor/computer 140) to interpret and process data received. When an eye tracking device is referred to herein, both possible methods of processing data are referred to.

Graphics processing device 130 employed by various embodiments of the invention may be for causing an image to be displayed on display device 110. Graphics processing device 130 may modify what image is displayed on display device 110 based at least in part on the gaze point of the user on display device 110, or a change in the gaze point of the user on display device 110, as determined by eye tracking device 120. While in some embodiments a separate non-included or non-integrated display device will be controlled by the graphics processing device 130, other embodiments may include or integrate display device 110.

The way in which the image displayed on display device 110 may be modified by graphics processing device 130 may vary depending on the embodiment, but regardless, the way in which the image is displayed may be intended to increase the image quality of portions of the image on which a user's gaze, or focused gaze, is directed, relative to those portions of the image to which the user's gaze, or focused gaze, is not directed. In this manner, the use of available resources of graphics processing device 130, and/or other system resources, are maximized to deliver image quality where it matters most on display device 110. To demonstrate, FIG. 2 illustrates a display device 110 showing a user's gaze point 210 and an area 220 around user's gaze point 210 in which embodiments of the invention may increase the quality of the image relative to the remaining area 230 of the display device 110. Thus, in various embodiments of the invention, the quality of the image produced across display device 110 may be increased in area 220 relative to remaining area 230.

When “modification” of an image presented on display device 110 is discussed herein, it shall be understood that what is intended is that a subsequent image displayed on display device 110, is different than a prior image displayed on display device 110. Thus, graphics processing device 130 and display device 110, or other device(s) discussed herein, “modify” an image by causing a first image to be displayed and then a second image to be displayed which is different than the first image. Any other change of an image discussed herein, for example, increasing or decreasing of image quality, shall also be understood to mean that a subsequent image is different than a prior image. Note that a change or modification of an image may include changing or modifying only a portion of the image. Thus, some portions of a prior image may be the same as a subsequent image, while other portions may be different. In other situations, the entirety of a prior image may be different than a subsequent image. It shall be understood that the modification of an area or an entirety of an image does not necessarily mean every finite portion of the area or entirety are changed (for example, each pixel), but rather that the area or entirety may be changed in some potentially consistent, predefined, or ordered manner (for example, the quality of the image is changed).

Increasing the quality of the image may include increasing the quality of any one or more of the below non-exclusive list of graphical characteristics, and/or modifying the content of the graphics, in addition to other possible characteristics known in the art:

-   -   Resolution: The number of distinct pixels that may be displayed         in one or more dimensions. For example, “1024×768” means 1024         pixels displayed in height and 768 pixels displayed in width.     -   Shading: Variation of the color and brightness of graphical         objects dependent on the artificial lighting projected by light         sources emulated by graphics processing device 130.     -   Texture-mapping: The mapping of graphical images or “textures”         onto graphical objects to provide the objects with a particular         look. The resolution of the textures influence the quality of         the graphical object to which they are applied.     -   Bump-mapping: Simulation of small-scale bumps and rough         gradients on surfaces of graphical objects.     -   Fogging/participating medium: The dimming of light when passing         through non-clear atmosphere or air.     -   Shadows: Emulation of obstruction of light.     -   Soft shadows: Variance in shadowing and darkness caused by         partially obscured light sources.     -   Reflection: Representations of mirror-like or high gloss         reflective surfaces.     -   Transparency/opacity (optical or graphic): Sharp transmission of         light through solid objects.     -   Translucency or Opacity: Highly scattered transmission of light         through solid objects.     -   Refraction: Bending of light associated with transparency.     -   Diffraction: Bending, spreading and interference of light         passing by an object or aperture that disrupts the light ray.     -   Indirect illumination: Surfaces illuminated by light reflected         off other surfaces, rather than directly from a light source         (also known as global illumination).     -   Caustics (a form of indirect illumination): Reflection of light         off a shiny object, or focusing of light through a transparent         object, to produce bright highlights on another object.     -   Anti-aliasing: The process of blending the edge of a displayed         object to reduce the appearance of sharpness or jagged lines.         Typically an algorithm is used that samples colors around the         edge of the displayed object in to blend the edge to its         surroundings.     -   Frame rate: For an animated image, the number of individual         frames presented during a certain period of time to render         movement within the image.     -   3D: Visual and temporal characteristics of an image which cause         the image to appear to be three dimensional to a viewer.     -   Animation quality: When an animated image is presented, the         detail of the animated image is decreased in the periphery of         view.     -   Post processing effects quality     -   Refraction quality     -   Three dimensional object quality: Polygons shown based on the         distance of the object to the virtual camera

Other parameters beyond the quality of specific graphic content which could be modified include the content of the graphics presented itself. For instance, if normally a collection of objects would be displayed in the periphery, fewer objects might be displayed in the periphery under foveated rendering conditions discussed herein. In some applications, this may reduce processing requirements if objects and or activity occurring in the periphery would not be sufficiently cognizable to a user under foveated rendering conditions. In these embodiments, content of a certain kind could be removed from peripheral presentation. For example, objects having certain virtual characteristics (i.e., characters in a video game, objects in a video game, an environment in a video game, species of objects in other software applications, etc.), certain geometric characteristics (i.e., shape, size, etc.), certain virtual geographic characteristics (i.e., virtual location), or any other specific characteristics might be displayed or not displayed in peripheral rendering under foveated rendering conditions.

The size and shape of the area of the image which may be modified to appear in greater quality can vary depending on the embodiment. Merely by way of example, the shape of the area may be circular, oval, square, rectangular, or polygonal. In some embodiments, the quality of the image within the area may be uniformly increased. In other embodiments, the increase in quality of the image may be greatest at the center of the area (i.e., proximate to the gaze point), and decrease towards the edges of the area (i.e., distal to the gaze point), perhaps to match the quality of the image surrounding the area. To demonstrate, FIG. 3A shows how image quality may decrease in a linear or non-liner continuous manner from the center of a gaze area outward, while FIG. 3B shows how image quality may decrease in a stepped manner from the center of a gaze area outward.

In some embodiments, modifying the image displayed on display device 110 may occur in response to the detection of a change in the gaze point. This may occur in a number of fashions, some of which are described below.

In some embodiments, an entirety of the image may be modified during the period of change in the gaze point of the user, and once the change in the gaze point of the user ceases, either the area around end gaze point of the user or a remainder of the image (portions of the image not around the end gaze point) may be modified. Merely by way of example, in one embodiment, the quality of the entire image may be increased during movement of the user's gaze (sometimes referred to as a saccade), but the increase in quality may only be sustained in an area around the user's end gaze point once the saccade is complete (i.e., the quality of the remainder of the image may be decreased upon completion of the saccade). In a different embodiment, the quality of the entire image may be decreased during a saccade, but the decrease in quality may only be sustained areas besides around the user's end gaze point once the saccade is complete (i.e., the quality of the area of the image around the user's end gaze point may be increased upon completion of the saccade).

Additionally, the use of other system resources, including for example processor/computer 140 and related resources, may also be modified during a user's saccade. For example, non-graphical operations may be supplemented by the resources of processor/computer 140 and graphics processing device 130, during a saccade. More specifically, during a saccade, non-graphical calculations necessary for other system operations may proceed at greater speed or efficiency because additional resources associated with processor/computer 140 and graphics processing device 130 are made available for such operations.

In some embodiments, modifying the image displayed on display device 110 may include modifying a portion of the image in an area around an anticipated gaze point of the user, potentially by increasing the quality thereof. The anticipated gaze point may be determined based on the change in the gaze point of the user. To determine the anticipated gaze point of a user, eye tracking device 120 and/or another processor (i.e., the computer or game consoler's processor), may determine a rate of the change in the gaze point of the user on display device 110, and determine the anticipated gaze point based at least in part on this rate of the change.

The rate of change of the gaze point of the user, also referred to as the velocity or speed of a saccade by the user is directly dependent on the total change in the gaze point of the user (often referred to as the amplitude of the saccade). Thus, as the intended amplitude of a user's saccade increases, so does the speed of the saccade. While the saccade of a human user can be as fast as 900°/second in humans, for saccades of less than or about 60°, the velocity of a saccade is generally linearly and directly dependent on the amplitude of the saccade. For example, a 10° amplitude is associated with a velocity of 300°/second and a 30° amplitude is associated with a velocity of 500°/second. For saccades of greater than 60°, the peak velocity starts to plateau toward the maximum velocity attainable by the eye (900°/second). In response to an unexpected stimulus, a saccade normally takes about 200 milliseconds (ms) to be initiated and then lasts from about 20 to about 200 ms. Based on these relationships between saccade speed and amplitude, embodiments of the invention may determine anticipated gaze points based on saccade velocity. Other predetermined models of mathematical relationships between saccade speed and amplitude may also be employed by various embodiments of the invention to determine an anticipated gaze point.

In some embodiments, the portion of the image modified around the anticipated gaze point may also include the portion of the image around the original gaze point (i.e., the gaze point from which the user's saccade started). While the shape of the portion of the image modified may be any of those shapes described above, in some embodiments it may be a triangle or a trapezoidal shape having a progressively greater width perpendicular to a direction of the saccade as shown in FIG. 4.

In FIG. 4, display device 110 is shown, and an initial user gaze point 410 is shown thereon. Prior to any change in initial gaze point 410, embodiments of the invention may provide increased graphics quality in area 420. When a user saccade, represented by arrow 430, is detected by eye tracking device 120, the size and shape of area 420 may change to accommodate both initial gaze point 410 and anticipated gaze point 440. The changed area 450, while being triangular and/or trapezoidal in this embodiment, may be shaped and sized differently in other embodiments. Merely by way of example, an entire side of display device 110 from the initial gaze point to the edges of the display in the direction of the saccade may also be included in changed area 450 to account for more possibilities of where the user's gaze point may end. In other embodiments, a circular, oval, or square changed area 450 may be provided. In yet other embodiments, changed area 450 may include separate and distinct areas around the initial gaze point 410 and anticipated gaze point 440.

In some embodiments, the size or shape of the area around the gaze point for which an image is modified (or which remains unmodified from a heightened quality in various embodiments), is dynamic. This may occur based at least in part on any number of factors, including the current location of the gaze point relative to the image or display device. Merely by way of example, if a user moves their gaze point to a certain portion of the screen, a predefined portion of the screen may be modified via increased quality therein (for example, a corner portion of the display having a map of a virtual area in a video game). In some embodiments, if enough user saccades having one or more predefined characteristics are detected in predefined amount of time, the entirety of the display may be modified to be rendered in greater quality.

The performance of a computing system may be directly influenced by the consumption of resources the system has at its disposal. These resources include, but are not limited to, processing power, memory size, memory access speed, and computer bus speed. The display of information such as images and other graphical items may directly require the use of such resources. The higher the quality of this information, as has been previously described, the greater the amount of resources required, or the greater level of strain on existing resources. The present invention seeks to decrease the consumption of these resources by allocating graphical processing and execution resources first and primarily to areas of display device 110 that can be readily perceived in high definition by a user, as the areas in which high definition information is actually displayed. Other areas of the display device, which will not be, or cannot easily be, perceived in high definition by a user may be allocated a lesser or remaining amount of resources. Due to latency between the output of information to display device 110 and the speed at which a user can move their eyes and perceive information, it may be desirable to provide a system in which the user does not perceive that there is any change to the quality or definition of information being displayed on the display device 110.

In some embodiments, the gaze point information may be determined by, or based on information from, eye tracking device 120, and may be filtered to minimize the change in areas around the gaze point for which an image may be modified. Referring to FIG. 7A the embodiment includes display device 110 comprising an area 800 containing a sub-area 810. An objective of this and other embodiments may be to maintain high definition and/or other improved graphical rendering qualities in sub-area 810 and/or area 800 around any determined gaze points 210. An image may thus be modified in area 800 such that it contains greater quality graphics or other modified parameters as previously described. If it is determined that a gaze point 210 remains within sub-area 810, the quality of the graphics or the like in area 800 may be modified such that the graphical quality of the images in area 800 are displayed at a higher quality or the like than images outside of area 800 on display device 110. If it is determined that the gaze point is located outside of sub-area 810, as shown in FIG. 7B, a new area 800A is defined containing a new sub-area 810A. New area 800A may then be modified to contain higher quality graphics or other parameters. The invention then repeats, in that if it is determined that the gaze point remains within new sub-area 810A, area 800A remains constant, however if the gaze point is detected outside of new sub-area 810A, area 800A is redefined.

In these or other embodiments, filtering of gaze information may performed to ensure that relocation of area 800 is necessary. For example, the system may determine a gaze point 210 is located outside the sub-area 810 however it may perform no action (such as relocating the area 800) until a predetermined number of gaze points 210 are located outside the sub-area (for example 2, 5, 10, 50). Alternatively, the system could temporarily enlarge area 800 until it is certain the gaze point 210 is located within a certain area. Additionally, predefined time periods may be established to determine if gaze points 210 have moved outside of sub-area 810 for at least those time periods prior to enlarging or changing are 800.

As described herein, when the amount of noise in a gaze point determination is low, and gaze points 210 are located close together, then area 800 and/or sub-area 810 may be smaller, and closely correlated to the actual size of the field of gaze points 210. Conversely, if the amount of noise in a gaze point determination is high, and gaze points 210 are dispersed and/or not located close together, then area 800 and sub-area 810 may be larger. Noise may include, merely by way of example, (1) errors or differences between (a) the calculated/determined gaze point location and (b) the actual gaze point location, as well as (2) drift of the user's actual gaze point even when the user's attention is actually directed toward a particular point on the display device 110. Thus, when noise in a set of gaze point determinations is low, there may be high precision in the gaze point determination, and when noise in a set of gaze point determinations is high, there may be low precision in the gaze point determination.

In some embodiments, a number of different factors can affect the amount of noise in the gaze point 210 determinations. Consequently, the amount of noise in gaze point 210 determinations can affect the size of area 800 and/or sub-area 810. Noise in gaze point 210 determinations can be software and/or hardware based, resulting from inaccuracies in determining the actual gaze point of the user consistently, and/or can be user-based, resulting from drift of the user's gaze from an actual point of interest that the user is consciously focusing on. In either or both cases, multiple and/or continuous gaze point 210 determinations will result in a pattern of gaze points 210 as shown in FIGS. 7A and 7B.

Rather than attempting to determine which of the determined gaze points 210 is the actual gaze point 210 of the user, instead, as described above, area 800 and/or sub-area 810 may be sized to contain all determined gaze points, or a large sub-total thereof (i.e., perhaps excluding certain extreme outliers using statistical and/or error checking routines such as a standard deviation method, Z-score, and/or other methods known in the art). Because certain conditions or “secondary factors” may be known before even a first gaze point 210 is determined, or after only a minimal number of gaze points 210 have been determined, it may be possible to at least initially, if not continually, size area 800 and/or area 810 based on a number of secondary factors, thereby allowing for rendering of area 800 and sub-area 810 immediately around the first (or first few) determined gaze point(s) 210, without the need to obtain additional gaze point 210 data.

Some secondary factors or conditions which may inform an initial or continuing determination as to the size of area 800 and/or sub-area 810 may include (1) which user is viewing the display, (2) environmental factors, (3) content of display device 110, and (4) where on display device 110 the user is gazing.

If the gaze determination system 100 is informed of which user is using system 100, then that user may have a previously determined amount of noise in their gaze data. Different users may have inherently different and/or distinct noise levels due to the particular characteristics of how their gaze wanders on display device 110. From prior usage of system 100, it may thus be known what size of area 800 and/or area 810 will be sufficient for areas of increased graphical quality, without requiring analysis of initial, or additional, gaze point 210 determinations.

Characteristics from the user's body, face, and/or eyes, as detected by the eye tracking device imaging sensors or other sensors, may also inform system 100 of likely characteristics of the user's gaze, and therefore also be used to anticipate the necessary size of area 800 and/or sub-area 810. For example, slumped shoulders and/or squinted eyes may indicate the user is tired (or in some other state), and therefore inform system 100 that area 800 and sub-area 810 should be adjusted accordingly (i.e., made smaller or larger).

Furthermore, the pairing of the user with system 100 may also be relevant to the determination. This meaning that the same user operating two different gaze determination systems may have different noise levels in their gaze point 210 determinations. Thus, USER-A using SYSTEM-A may be associated with a first amount of gaze point 210 noise, while the same USER-A using SYSTEM-B may be associated with a second amount of gaze point 210 noise, with each amount of gaze point 210 noise corresponding to a differently sized area 800 and/or sub-area 810. Additionally, the shape of area 800 and/or sub-area 810 may also correspond to different users and/or different user/system pairs.

Environmental factors may also play a part in an initial or continuing determination of the necessary size for area 800 and/or sub-area 810. Merely by way of example, if system 100 determines that the environment around the user is bright, dim, humid, dry, polluted (particulate matter in the air), windy, subject to extreme or unusual temperatures, or oscillating between various states (e.g., there are flashing lights in the area), system 100 may adjust the size of area 800 and sub-area 810 based upon such information. Thus system 100 may be able to anticipate a certain amount of noise in gaze point 210 determination under such conditions, and anticipatorily adjust the size of area 800 and/or sub-area 810. Other environmental characteristics such as time of day may also affect anticipated noise. Perhaps because users are more likely to be tired during morning or evening hours, and have more or less drift associated with their gaze.

The content displayed on display device 110 may also may also inform system 100 as to the likely noise in gaze point 210 determination. Merely by way of example, brighter or darker images displayed on display device 110 may be known to cause more or less noise in gaze determination. In other example, text may make more or less noise likely for a given user. Other examples include the nature of the graphical content. Merely by way of example, dynamic fast moving images may produce more or less noise than static or slow moving images. System 100 may be able to take this into account to anticipate what size area 800 and sub-area 810 are necessary.

Finally, where a user is gazing on the display device 110 may also affect likely noise levels. Merely by way of example, when gaze point 210 of the user is near the boundaries of display device 110, noise may be amplified compared to when the user's gaze point 210 is near the center of display device 110. Noise may also vary less or more greatly depending on whether gaze point 210 is to the left or right of center versus being above or below center of the display.

Thus, in one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 9, a method of one embodiment of the invention may include, at block 910, displaying graphics on a display device. At block 920, and continually thereafter, one or more gaze points of the user may be determined. At block 930, secondary factors as discussed above may be determined. At block 940, the graphics displayed may be modified based at least on the determined gaze point(s) and the determined secondary factor(s).

In some embodiments, another method of determining the size of area 800 and/or sub-area-810 may be to employ predefined regions on display device 110 which would dictate the size and/or shape of area 800 and/or sub-area 810. Thus, display device 110 may be divided into a plurality of predefined regions within the display area. For example, as shown in FIG. 10, display device 110 may be divided into sixteen predefined regions 1010. Predefined regions 1010 may be fixed by hardware and/or software, or may be manually set by the user before the usage. Different software programs may also be able to predefine regions 1010 based on the particular needs of the software program.

If all of the user's gaze points 210 are located within a particular predefined region 1010, then the particular predefined region 1010 is rendered in a higher quality than compared to the other predefined regions 1010 in which no gaze position is included. In another example, if the gaze positions are located in more than one predefined region 1010, then all predefined regions 1010 in which gaze positions are located are rendered in a higher quality than compared to the other predefined regions 1010 in which no gaze position is included. In other related embodiments, variations in the above examples may be present. Merely by way of example, the predefined regions 1010 may be divided from just a portion of display device 110 instead of the entire display area of display device 110.

Such methods of using predefined regions 1010 for foveated rendering may have particular merit in some virtual and/or augmented reality headsets that are not equipped with especially accurate and/or powerful eye tracking systems. Low quality eye tracking in such embodiments may exist in some part due to a low maximum frame rate of the eye tracking camera employed. In such situation, the system may only provide a rough determination of gaze positions, which may result in the low precision eye tracking data (i.e., the determined gaze positions are widely spread). In order to provide foveated rendering for such low quality eye tracking situations, we predefined regions 1010 may be employed.

In an alternative embodiment shown in FIG. 11, the method may determine gaze positions 1110 first, and then a high quality region 1120 (size and shape) is determined based on at least a portion (for example, majority) of the gaze positions. A plurality of surrounding regions 1130, surrounding initial high quality region 1120 are then determined based on the determined size and shape of the high quality region 1120. The display quality of those surrounding regions are lower than the determined high quality region 1120. In a special case, each of the surrounding regions 1130 may have differing display quality, depending on various rendering conditions (e.g. displayed object characteristics, displayed object positioning, distance to the high quality region 1120, etc.).

In another possible embodiment, if a sub-area 810 represents a certain zone where the gaze point 210 of the user is located, and to which a first degree of increased rendering quality is applied, surrounding zones to may be represented by area 800 to which a second degree of increased rendering quality is applied (the second degree being less significant than the first degree).

In some embodiments, the size of area 810 may be based on an eccentricity angle of about 1-5 degrees from the currently determined gaze point. In exemplary embodiments, the angle may be about 3 degrees. Although the concept of an eccentricity angle would be well understood by a person of skill in the art, for demonstration purposes, its use in the present embodiment will now be described with reference to FIG. 8.

The eccentricity angle θ represents a person's fovea vision. In some embodiments, it may be preferable that area 800 is larger than the area labeled “object” in FIG. 8. This means that there may be a high probability that while a person's gaze point 210 remains within the sub-area 810, that person will not be able to perceive information outside the area 800 at high quality. The size of the area labeled “object” on display device 110 is primarily dependent on the physical size of display device 110 and the distance between the eye(s) and display device 110.

The size of area 800 may be modified to affect performance, as the greater the size of area 800, the more system resources are required to render graphics at higher quality. By way of example, the area 800 may be of such size so as to fit within the display 2 to 12 times. This size may be optionally linked directly to the size of display device 110, or to the eccentricity angle, such that the size may scale efficiently. In a further embodiment, gaze point 210 may be determined after adjusting information obtained by eye tracking device 120 to remove noise. Different individuals may have different levels of noise in the gaze information obtained by eye tracking device 120 (for example, due to wandering of their eye(s) about the gaze point). If an individual has a low level of noise, area 800 may be smaller, and thus performance of the system on which the present embodiment is being practiced may be increased.

In another embodiment of the invention, a non-transitory computer readable medium having instructions thereon for presenting graphics on display device 110 is provided. The instructions may be executable by one or more processors to at least display an image on display device 110. The instructions may also be executable to receive information from eye tracking device 120 indicative of at least one of a gaze point of a user on display device 110, or a change in the gaze point of the user on display device 110. The instructions may further be executable to cause graphics processing device 130 to modify the image displayed on display device 110 based at least in part on the gaze point of the user on display device 110, or the change in the gaze point of the user on display device 110. Thus, a non-transitory computer readable medium able to implement any of the features described herein in relation to other embodiments is also provided.

In some embodiments, the quality of the rendered graphics can also be determined based on multiple factors including the location of the gaze point of the user on the display device and other factors that are independent of the gaze point. Such factors may be used to define quality maps usable to dynamically update the rendering quality (e.g., resolution or sample rate) of areas within the rendered graphics. FIG. 12 shows a diagram where multiple quality maps may be generated and utilized to determine the quality of the rendered graphics, also referred to herein as “rendered images,” “images” or “frames.” FIG. 12 shows three quality maps generated based on three factors: gaze point location, position, and content, respectively. In some embodiments, the quality maps each has a size smaller than the size of the rendered graphics or images with one element of the quality map corresponding to one area of a rendered image. For example, if the rendered image has a resolution of X-by-Y, a quality map can have a size of X/T_(x)-by-Y/T_(y), where T_(x) and T_(y) are the horizontal and vertical sizes of an area of the rendered image. In some embodiments, T_(x) and T_(y) each takes the value of 16 pixels.

The values of elements of a quality map are referred to herein as “quality values.” A quality value, denoted as M(i, j), determines the quality of a corresponding area (i, j) of the rendered image. In one embodiment, the quality value represents a sample rate, i.e. the number of samples used to represent a pixel in the corresponding area (i, j). The sample rate can range from a low quality of 0.25 samples per pixel, e.g. 1 sample per 16 pixels, to a higher quality of 4 samples per pixel. In other embodiments, the quality value represents a resolution for the area (i, j). As shown in FIG. 12, the gaze point based quality map M_(G) 1202 is determined based on the location of the user's gaze point. For example, an element M_(G)(i, j) corresponding to an area that is close to the gaze point of the user can be assigned a high quality value, whereas an element M_(G)(i, j) corresponding to an area that is far from the gaze point of the user can be assigned a low quality value.

In other embodiments, the high-quality area 810 and/or area 800 determined based on the gaze point as discussed above with respect to FIGS. 7A, 7B, and 11 can also be utilized to determine the gaze point based quality map M_(G) 1202. For example, the high quality region (e.g. the area 810 or area 800) and low quality region of the display screen can be mapped to a gaze point based quality map by downsizing the respective regions to match the size of the quality map. In one example, for a specific area (i, j) of the rendered image (or the display screen), if the majority of this specific area falls into the high-quality region 810 or 800, then the quality value corresponding to this specific area can be determined to be a high quality value, and vice versa.

In another example, the quality value can be determined to be proportional to the number of pixels in that specific area that fall into the high-quality region 810 or 800. For instance, if all the pixels in the specific area fall into the high-quality region 810 or 800, this specific area can have a quality value representing the highest quality. If half of the pixels in the specific area fall into the high-quality region 810 or 800, then the specific area can have a quality value representing a medium level of quality. If none of the pixels in the specific area falls into the high-quality region 810 or 800, then the specific area can have a quality value representing the lowest quality. It should be appreciated that the above examples are merely for illustration purposes, and should not be construed as limiting. Various other ways of generating the gaze point based quality map can be utilized.

FIG. 12 illustrates another example quality map, i.e. position based map M_(P) 1204. This example quality map can be generated based on the location of a specific area relative to the rest areas of the rendered image or display screen. In one example, the position based map M_(P) 1204 can be determined based on the distance of an area to the center of the rendered image. For instance, the quality value M_(P)(i, j) of the position based map M_(P) 1204 can be determined to be proportional to the distance between the area represented by the M_(P)(i, j) and the center of the display screen. If the distance is 0, i.e. the area is at the center of the display, the quality value is determined to be the highest quality value; if the distance is the largest distance, i.e. the area is at one of the four corners of the display screen, the quality value can be determined to be the lowest quality value. If the distance is between 0 and the largest distance, the quality value can be determined to be a medium level quality. In some embodiments, the distance can be measured using any distance measurement in the art, such as an L-1 norm distance, or an L-2 norm distance.

In FIG. 12, a third quality map, the frequency map M_(F) 1206, is also shown. The frequency map is determined based on the content of the rendered images. If the content in a specific area contains a large amount of details, the quality value corresponding to that area can be determined to have a high value. If the area contains low-frequency content, such as smooth content with few details, then the quality value corresponding to that area can be determined to have a low value. Additional details regarding generating the frequency map M_(F) 1206 are provided below with respect to FIG. 13.

The gaze point based quality map M_(G) 1202, the position based map M_(P) 1204 and the frequency map M_(F) 1206 can then be combined by a map combination module 1208 to generate a combined quality map M_(Q) 1210. In one embodiment, the map combination module 1208 combines these quality maps by applying a linear or nonlinear function on the quality values of these quality maps. For example, the combination can be performed by assigning a weight to each of the quality maps and calculating a weighted sum of the quality maps, i.e. the (i, j) element of the combined quality map M_(Q)(i, j) can be calculated as M_(Q)(i, j)=w_(G)M_(G)(i, j)+w_(P)M_(P)(i, j)+w_(F)M_(F)(i, j), where w_(G), w_(P), and w_(F) are the weights for the gaze point based quality map M_(G) 1202, the position based map M_(P) 1204 and the frequency map M_(F) 1206, respectively.

In another example, different elements of a quality map have different weights, and the weighted sum is performed as M_(Q)(i, j)=w_(G)(i, j)M_(G)(i, j)+w_(P)(i, j)M_(P)(i, j)+w_(F)(i, j)M_(F)(i, j), wherein w_(G)(i, j), w_(P)(i, j), and w_(F)(i, j) are the weights for the (i, j) element of the gaze point based quality map M_(G) 1202, the (i, j) element of the position based map M_(P) 1204 and the (i, j) element of the frequency map M_(F) 1206, respectively. The weights of the quality maps can be determined based on factors such as the relative importance of a quality map compared with other quality maps. The weights of the quality maps can also be determined based on the accuracy of the quality maps. For example, if the gaze point is determined with a low confidence, the weight(s) associated with the gaze point based quality map can be lower than other quality maps generated with a higher accuracy. Other factors can also be utilized to determine the weight(s) of the quality maps.

In addition, the weights of the quality maps can be adjusted dynamically. For example, the weights of the quality maps for a previous frame can be utilized to calculate the weights for the current quality map in order to minimize sudden changes of the combined quality map and thus the quality of the rendered image. In another example, if the rendered images do not meet a target frame rate, the weights of one or more maps can be reduced so that the overall quality of rendered images can be reduced. Images with lower quality can be generated faster, thereby speeding up the rendering process and the target frame rate can be reached. On the other hand, in a cinematics cutscene in a video game where the game is not interactive and the user input is not accounted for, maintaining high image quality is more important than reaching the target frame rate. In this scenario, the weights of the quality maps can be increased to ensure the high quality of the rendered images.

In another example, instead of being combined with other quality maps through weighted summation, the frequency map M_(F) 1206 can be utilized as a lower bound on the quality of the rendered image. In this example, the quality value M_(Q)(i, j) can be calculated as M_(Q)(i, j)=max{ƒ(M_(G)(i, j), M_(P)(i, j)), M_(F)(i, j)}, wherein ƒ( ) is a combination function as discussed above. In other words, areas containing detailed content will be rendered with high quality, even if other quality maps suggest low quality rendering. This can help to prevent the areas having high frequency content from being rendered with low quality thereby minimizing the aliasing artifacts in the rendered image.

In further embodiment, the map combination module 1208 can also employ a machine learning model to combine the different quality maps. For example, the map combination module 1208 can input quality values of the gaze point based quality map M_(G) 1202, the position based map M_(P) 1204, and the frequency map M_(F) 1206 to a machine learning model. The machine learning model can be, for example, a neural network model trained to accept these quality maps as input and output quality values for the combined quality map M_(Q) 1210. Each of the output quality values is associated with an element of the combined quality map M_(Q) 1210. As will be discussed below with respect to FIG. 14, the combined quality map M_(Q) 1210 is then sent an image rendering engine to facilitate image rendering.

It should be understood that the example shown in FIG. 12 and discussed above are for illustration only, and by no means can be considered as limiting. Various other implementations are possible. For example, there can be more or fewer quality maps than that shown in FIG. 12. For instance, the gaze point based quality map M_(G) 1202 can be combined with only one of the frequency map M_(F) 1206 and the position based map MP 1204 to generate the combined quality map M_(Q) 1210. The quality maps can include maps generated based on factors other than gaze point, position or content of the rendered images, which can include factors such as, the geometry of the display. For example, in virtual reality application, image areas near the edges of the display can be rendered with a lower quality. To realize that, a quality map can be generated based on the geometry of the display.

The quality maps can also be generated based on information extracted from intermediate data of a depth of field shader from a previous frame that is used to calculate depth information for rendering the frame, and/or information extracted from intermediate data of a motion blur shader from a previous frame that is used to generate motion blurs in the rendered image. In another example, a quality map can also be generated based on explicit tagging or labeling by content creators. For instance, a content creator might label main characters so that they are always rendered at a high quality, or specify a minimal amount of quality, such as 0.25 samples per pixel (spp) so that the system can freely choose the amount of quality if it is higher than 0.25 spp, but the quality cannot be below 0.25 spp. Furthermore, output quality maps for previous frames or rendered images, if relevant, can also be utilized to generate a quality map for the current frame. Likewise, the combination of the multiple maps can also be performed in a way different from that described above.

FIG. 13 illustrates one embodiment of generating a frequency map based on one or more previously rendered images 1304A-1304C. In order to generate the frequency map M_(F) 1206, a buffer 1302 of the graphics processing device 130 can be accessed to retrieve one or more images or frames rendered previously. For example, at time T, a spatial frequency analysis module 1306 can access the image 1304A rendered at time T−1 to perform spatial frequency analysis. The spatial frequency analysis can determine the changes or frequencies of the content in the two-dimensional space of the rendered image 1304A. The spatial frequency analysis module 1306 can determine the spatial frequency of the rendered image 1304A using an edge detector or through variance analysis. For example, the image can be divided into small blocks, such as 4×4 blocks. For each of the block, the spatial frequency analysis module 1306 can compute the average of the luminance of the pixels and the sum of the variance of all pixels compared to this average. The sum of the variance can then be normalized to be between 0 indicating no variance to 1 indicating high variance, or be converted to quality values consistent with other quality maps.

Alternatively, or additionally, the spatial frequency analysis module 1306 can determine the spatial frequency of the rendered image 1304A using transformations such as a fast Fourier transform (“FFT”) of the rendered image 1304A. A high frequency in the image content indicates that the corresponding area contains lots of details and should be rendered with high quality; whereas a low frequency in the image content indicates that the corresponding area contains relatively smooth area and can be rendered with low quality.

In addition to the spatial frequency analysis, a temporal frequency analysis module 1308 can be employed to perform temporal frequency analysis on the previously rendered images 1304A-1304C. For example, the values of the pixel located at position (i, j) of each of the previously rendered images can be collected and analyzed to determine the change or frequency of these pixels. If the temporal frequency is high, it means that the pixel at the position (i, j) varies dramatically from one rendered image to another. In that case, the pixel should be rendered with high quality, such as with a high sample rate, otherwise a glittering artifact can be observed from the rendered images. If the change from one image to another image is small, then the pixel at the next frame can be rendered with a lower quality.

The spatial and temporal frequency analysis described above can be performed on a pixel-by-pixel basis as described above or on a block-by-block basis where images are analyzed using a block as a unit. In either case, the results of the spatial and temporal frequency analysis are combined and resized, if necessary, to generate the frequency map M_(F) 1206. The combination can be any linear or nonlinear combination.

FIG. 14 illustrates one possible system that can be utilized to generate and combine multiple quality maps for determining the quality of the rendered images. As shown in FIG. 14, a computing device 1402, such as the processor/computer 140 discussed above with respect to FIG. 1, can be employed to implement the embodiments discussed herein. The computing device 1402 can include a graphics processing device 1412, such as the graphics processing device 130 discussed above with respect to FIG. 1. The graphics processing device 1412 can include a quality map generator 1406 for generating and combining the various quality maps discussed above and an image rendering engine 1408 for rendering images based on the combined quality map.

As discussed above, the quality map generator 1406 can generate a gaze point based quality map M_(G) 1202 based on the gaze point 1404 of a user. The gaze point 1404 can be determined by an eye tracking device 120 as shown in FIG. 1 or by an eye tracking component integrated within the computing device 1402. In addition, the quality map generator 1406 can also generate the position based quality map M_(P) 1204 based on the distance between an area to the center of the rendered image or display screen. To generate the content based quality map, the quality map generator 1406 can access the rendered images 1410, such as through a buffer 1302 of the image rendering engine 1408. The quality map generator 1406 then combine the various quality maps to generate the combined quality map M_(Q) 1210.

The quality map generator 1406 sends the generated combined quality map M_(Q) 1210 to the image rendering engine 1408 so that the image rendering engine 1408 can use the combined quality map M_(Q) 1210 to determine the quality of the next rendered image 1410. In some implementation, the image rendering engine 1408 is implemented through a graphics processing unit (GPU). In other implementations, the graphics processing device 1412 is also implemented on a GPU. The rendered image 1410 is then sent to a display device 110 for display.

FIG. 15 is a flow diagram of an example method 1500 for generating and combining multiple quality maps based on a user's gaze point and other factors to determine the quality of a rendered image. One or more computing devices (e.g., the computing device 1402 or more specifically the graphics processing device 1412) implements operations depicted in FIG. 15 by executing suitable program code. For illustrative purposes, the method 1500 is described with reference to certain examples depicted in the figures. Other implementations, however, are possible.

At block 1502, the method 1500 involves receiving the gaze point 1404 of a user on a display device. As discussed above, the gaze point 1404 can be generated by an eye tracking device separate from the computing device 1402 or an eye tracking component built inside the computing device 1402. The gaze point 1404 can be updated as the eye tracking device/component detects any changes to the gaze point of the user.

At block 1504, the method 1500 involves generating a gaze point based quality map M_(G) 1202. The gaze point based quality map M_(G) 1202 includes multiple elements, each element corresponding to an area of the rendered image 1410. Each of the elements has a quality value indicating the quality of an area of the rendered image 1410 that correspond to the element. The quality value of an element of the gaze point based quality map M_(G) 1202 can be determined based on the distance between the corresponding area of the rendered image 1410 and the location of the gaze point of the user. In other embodiments, the gaze point based quality map M_(G) 1202 can be generated based on the method discussed above with respect to FIGS. 7A, 7B and 11. The gaze point based quality map M_(G) 1202 can be adjusted dynamically based on changes to the location of the detected gaze point 1404.

At block 1506, the method 1500 involves generating a position based quality map 1204. Similar to the gaze point based quality map M_(G) 1202, the position based map M_(P) 1204 also includes multiple elements, each element corresponding to an area of the rendered image 1410. Each of the elements has a quality value indicating the quality of an area of the rendered image 1410 that correspond to the element. In one embodiment, the quality value of an element in the position based quality map 1204 can be generated based on the distances of areas of the rendered image to a center of the rendered image. For example, the quality value of an element in the position based quality map 1204 can be calculated to be inversely proportional to the distance between the corresponding area and the center of the rendered image/display screen.

At block 1508, the method 1500 involves generating a content based quality map, such as the frequency map M_(F) 1206. The frequency map M_(F) 1206 can be generated by obtaining previously rendered images from an image buffer, and applying spatial and temporal frequency analysis on those images. In one embodiment, spatial frequency analysis, such as edge detection, variance analysis or FFT, can be applied to an image rendered at a previously time point. Because the content difference between adjacent images are generally small, the previously rendered image can provide a good estimate for the content of the image to be rendered. Consequently, the frequency analysis on this previous rendered image can provide a good estimate for the frequency of the content of the to-be-rendered image.

At block 1510, the method 1500 involves generating a combined quality map M_(Q) 1210. For example, the combined quality map M_(Q) 1210 can be generated by calculate a weighted combination, linear or non-linear, of the multiple quality maps as discussed above. The weights can be generated for each quality map or for each element of the quality map, or the combination thereof. In another example, instead of being combined with other quality maps through the weighted combination, the frequency map M_(F) 1206 can be utilized to establish a minimum quality value or a lower bound for each element of the combined quality map M_(Q) 1210. In other words, the quality value of an element in the combined quality map M_(Q) 1210 cannot be lower than the corresponding quality value in the frequency map M_(F) 1206. In further embodiment, the multiple quality maps can be combined using a machine learning model to establish a non-linear relationship between each of the quality maps and the combined quality map M_(Q) 1210.

In some implementations, the gaze point based quality map M_(G) 1202 can be combined with only one of the frequency map M_(F) 1206 and the position based map M_(P) 1204 to generate the combined quality map M_(Q) 1210. In those implementations, the method 1500 can includes either block 1506 or block 1508 depending on the map used to generate the combined quality map M_(Q) 1210.

At block 1512, the method 1500 involves rendering the image based on the combined quality map M_(Q) 1210. Depending on the combined quality map M_(Q) 1210, the rendered image can have one high quality region or multiple high quality regions. These multiple high quality regions can be a connected region or disconnected regions. Further, the rendered image can have regions rendered in multiple quality levels, such as a low quality level, a medium quality level or a high quality level.

In one embodiments, the combined quality map M_(Q) 1210 can be generated for each rendered image. In this embodiment, some of the quality maps will be updated for each rendered image, such as the frequency map M_(F) 1206. Other quality maps, such as the position based map M_(P) 1204 can remain the same for multiple rendered images. If the gaze point of the user does not change from one rendered image to another rendered image, the gaze point based quality map M_(G) 1202 does not need to be updated; otherwise, the gaze point based quality map M_(G) 1202 can be updated as the gaze point moves.

In some embodiments, the multiple quality maps have the same size so that they are be combined directly. In other embodiments, the multiple quality maps have different sizes and resizing might be performed before combining these quality maps. It should be appreciated that although FIG. 15 involves generating three quality maps, any number of quality maps can be used and combined. Further, other quality maps that are not discussed above with respect to FIG. 15 can also be utilized, such as quality maps based on the geometry of the display, information extracted from intermediate data of a depth of field shader from a previous frame, information extracted from intermediate data of a motion blur shader from a previous frame/image, explicit tagging or labeling by content creators, or quality maps of previous rendered images.

In another embodiment of the invention, a method 500 for presenting graphics on display device 110 is provided as shown in FIG. 5. At step 510, method 500 may include displaying an image on display device 110. At step 520, method 500 may also include receiving information from eye tracking device 120 indicative of at least one of a gaze point of a user on display device 110, or a change in the gaze point of the user on display device 110. At step 530, method 500 may further include causing graphics processing device 130 to modify the image displayed on display device 110 based at least in part on the gaze point of the user on display device 110, or the change in the gaze point of the user on display device 110. Step 530 may include, at step 533, increasing the quality of the image in an area around the gaze point of the user, relative to outside the area. Step 530 may also include, at step 536, decreasing the quality of the image outside an area around the gaze point of the user, relative to inside the area. Thus, a method to implement any of the features described herein in relation to other embodiments is also provided.

In some embodiments, the systems and methods described herein may be toggled on and off by a user, possibly to account for multiple additional viewers of display device 110 being present. In other embodiments, the systems and methods described herein may automatically toggle on when only one user is viewing display device 110 (as detected by eye tracking device 120), and off when more than one user is viewing display device 110 (as detected by eye tracking device 120). Additionally, in some embodiments, the systems and methods described herein may allow for reduction in rendering quality of an entire display device 110 when no viewers are detected, thereby saving system resources and power consumption when display device 110 is not the primary focus of any viewer.

In other embodiments, the systems and methods described herein may allow for modifying multiple portions of an image on display device 110 to account for multiple viewers as detected by eye tracking device 120. For example, if two different users are focused on different portions of display device 110, the two different areas of the image focused on may be rendered in higher quality to provide enhanced viewing for each viewer.

In yet other embodiments, data associated with an image may inform the systems and methods described herein to allow prediction of which areas of an image may likely be focused on next by the user. This data may supplement data provided by eye tracking device 120 to allow for quicker and more fluid adjustment of the quality of the image in areas likely to be focused on by a user. For example, during viewing of a sporting event, a picture-in-picture of an interview with a coach or player may be presented in a corner of the image. Metadata associated with the image feed may inform the systems and methods described herein of the likely importance, and hence viewer interest and likely focus, in the sub-portion of the image.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary computer system 600 in which embodiments of the present invention may be implemented. This example illustrates a computer system 600 such as may be used, in whole, in part, or with various modifications, to provide the functions of eye tracking device 120, graphics processing device 130, the game console, the processor/computer 140, and/or other components of the invention such as those discussed above. For example, various functions of eye tracking device 120 and associated processors may be controlled by the computer system 600, including, merely by way of example, tracking a user's gaze point, determining an anticipated gaze point, controlling graphics processing device 130, etc.

The computer system 600 is shown comprising hardware elements that may be electrically coupled via a bus 690. The hardware elements may include one or more central processing units 610, one or more input devices 620 (e.g., a mouse, a keyboard, etc.), and one or more output devices 630 (e.g., a display device, a printer, etc.). The computer system 600 may also include one or more storage device 640. By way of example, storage device(s) 640 may be disk drives, optical storage devices, solid-state storage device such as a random access memory (“RAM”) and/or a read-only memory (“ROM”), which can be programmable, flash-updateable and/or the like.

The computer system 600 may additionally include a computer-readable storage media reader 650, a communications system 660 (e.g., a modem, a network card (wireless or wired), an infra-red communication device, Bluetooth™ device, cellular communication device, etc.), and working memory 680, which may include RAM and ROM devices as described above. In some embodiments, the computer system 600 may also include a processing acceleration unit 670, which can include a digital signal processor, a special-purpose processor and/or the like.

The computer-readable storage media reader 650 can further be connected to a computer-readable storage medium, together (and, optionally, in combination with storage device(s) 640) comprehensively representing remote, local, fixed, and/or removable storage devices plus storage media for temporarily and/or more permanently containing computer-readable information. The communications system 660 may permit data to be exchanged with a network, system, computer and/or other component described above.

The computer system 600 may also comprise software elements, shown as being currently located within a working memory 680, including an operating system 684 and/or other code 688. It should be appreciated that alternate embodiments of a computer system 600 may have numerous variations from that described above. For example, customized hardware might also be used and/or particular elements might be implemented in hardware, software (including portable software, such as applets), or both. Furthermore, connection to other computing devices such as network input/output and data acquisition devices may also occur.

Software of computer system 600 may include code 688 for implementing any or all of the function of the various elements of the architecture as described herein. For example, software, stored on and/or executed by a computer system such as system 600, can provide the functions of eye tracking device 120, graphics processing device 130, the game console, the processor/computer, and/or other components of the invention such as those discussed above. Methods implementable by software on some of these components have been discussed above in more detail.

The invention has now been described in detail for the purposes of clarity and understanding. However, it will be appreciated that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for presenting graphics on a display device, wherein the system comprises: an eye tracking device configured to determine a gaze point of a user on a display device; and a processing device configured to: combine a first quality map generated based on the gaze point of the user and a second quality map generated based on one or more factors independent of the gaze point of the user to generate a combined quality map, and cause a rendered image to be displayed on the display device, wherein quality of each area of the rendered image displayed on the display device is determined based, at least in part, upon the combined quality map.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the combined quality map comprises a plurality of elements, each element corresponding to an area of the rendered image and having a quality value determining quality of a corresponding area of the rendered image.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein a quality value of an element of the first quality map is determined based on a distance between an area of the rendered image that corresponds to the element and a location of the gaze point of the user.
 4. The system of claim 3, wherein the first quality map is adjusted dynamically based on changes to the location of the gaze point.
 5. The system of claim 1, wherein the second quality map comprises a frequency map generated based on content of at least one previously rendered image.
 6. The system of claim 5, wherein the frequency map is generated based on at least one of spatial changes of the content in the at least one previously rendered image or temporal changes of the content in two or more previously rendered images.
 7. The system of claim 5, wherein combining the first quality map and the second quality map comprises generating the combined quality map with quality values of the combined quality map higher or equal to respective quality values of the frequency map.
 8. The system of claim 1, wherein the second quality map is generated based on a distance of an area on the rendered image to a center of the rendered image.
 9. The system of claim 1, wherein combining the first quality map and the second quality map comprises: inputting quality values of the first quality map and the second quality map to a machine learning model; and receiving, from the machine learning model based on the inputting, combined quality values for the combined quality map, each of the quality values associated with an element of the combined quality map.
 10. The system of claim 1, wherein combining the first quality map and the second quality map comprises generating quality values of the combined quality map by computing a weighted sum of quality values of the first quality map and respective quality values of the second quality map.
 11. The system of claim 1, wherein the processing device is further configured to combining the first quality map and the second quality map with a third quality map generated based on one or more factors independent of the gaze point of the user.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the second quality map or the third quality map is generated based on at least one of: a geometry of the display device; information extracted from intermediate data of a depth of field shader; information extracted from intermediate data of a motion blur shader from a previously rendered image; explicit labeling by content creators; or quality maps of previously rendered images.
 13. The system of claim 1, wherein the quality of an area of the rendered image comprises one of a sample rate of the area or a resolution of the area.
 14. A method for presenting images on a display device, the method comprising: combining, by a processing device, a first quality map generated based on a gaze point of a user on a display device and a second quality map generated based on one or more factors independent of the gaze point of the user to generate a combined quality map; and causing, by the processing device, a rendered image to be displayed on the display device, wherein quality of the rendered image displayed on the display device is determined based, at least in part, upon the combined quality map.
 15. The method of claim 14, wherein the combined quality map is generated by combining the first quality map and the second quality map based on a first weight of the first quality map and a second weight of the second quality map.
 16. The method of claim 14, wherein the combined quality map is generated by combining the first quality map and the second quality map based on weights of the first quality map, wherein the first quality map comprises a plurality of elements corresponding to a plurality of areas of the rendered image, and wherein each element is associated with one of the weights.
 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the combined quality map is generated by combining the first quality map and the second quality map based on dynamically updated weights of the first quality map.
 18. A non-transitory machine readable medium having instructions thereon for presenting images on a display device, the instructions executable by one or more processors to perform operations comprising: combining a first quality map generated based on a gaze point of a user on a display device and a second quality map generated based on one or more factors independent of the gaze point of the user to generate a combined quality map; and causing a rendered image to be displayed on the display device, wherein quality of the rendered image displayed on the display device is determined based, at least in part, upon the combined quality map.
 19. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 18, wherein the combined quality map comprises a plurality of elements, each element corresponding to an area of the rendered image and having a quality value determining the quality of a corresponding area of the rendered image.
 20. The non-transitory machine readable medium of claim 18, wherein a quality value of an element of the first quality map is determined based on a distance between an area of the rendered image that corresponds to the element and a location of the gaze point of the user. 